what is EFI?
This engine runs by means of a system, called the E.F.I. for Electronic Fuel Injection. (includes spark in 1991) (1989 to present)
Almost all cars 1988 and newer, have this system. ( due to the USA EPA/ California laws) effective mandates, on SMOG laws.
Why we have EFI and no more CARB'S in USA? , here is a 1980 Carb setup that passes smog, no words need define the word SUCK here. Just look. "aka, Vacuum H3LL"
I like to think of EFI as Distributed, Carburetor. (really if you think about that hard, IT IS !) And some things (all good) were added to make this New EFI carb better (like temperature and altitude corrections)
Fuel pump runs higher pressure, up to 10x more. 6 is now 60, worst case. (30-40s range normal)
All they really did is spread the parts out, making them easy to test, and easy to replace and costs way less, like a new ECT is $25, (ever price a new carb? or try to find parts for one?)
ANALOGY:
If a carb part breaks?, the car stalls (floods or goes lean and stalls), if the EFI sees a bad sensor it goes to Failsafe (limphome) and engine runs crappy but runs, and beasts the hell out of walking.
The EFI system. is way simpler than any Carb. with all its fussy , complex needles , jets, power valves, sticking chokes, or air bleeds and the like !
End carbs. , carbs are Dead technology today. (I have 1 cars that has a carb still and a motorcycle) My car is 1968. (runs like new too)
EFI:?
If EFI don't ring a bell ?, please check out my page below:
The presumptions are, you have engine and drive line mechanical/electrical(electronic) maintenance, skills. (can do compression tests. vacuum tests, and fuel pressure tests and a full tuneup, all are basics.)
A full set of tools and or the desire to buy more.
You can NOT fix a car, with out tools and Tools are free, that is, all tools net DIVIDENDS , to the point of payback!The desire to dig in and get to the problem, will overcome any hesitations (yes a pun).
If you want magic or expect to fix a car with no tools or money, then you need a reality check.(I'm sorry all machines break and need humans to keep them running, and not one machine on earth has "zero costs of ownership")
I refuse to guess. (as do all ASE mechanics) See this master say that clearly, to the students, DO NOT ask me to GUESS!
If you want to throw parts and guess, then do so, it is your nickel , and wasted time, I can not help you guess. In the end, it is your car and your cash.
There is but one Silver bullet . (but yes, do tune up the engine) (The Lone Ranger, magic silver bullet, refr) (spark parts and filters do not last over 60,000 miles, )
Imagine paying a mech to fix your car at $100 and hour + 2x price on parts ,and all that was wrong ?,were bad spark plugs or a clogged fuel filter, (you can do that service (just those 5 parts) for $25 at home)
Not only that, the dealers charges $15+ for $2.50 spark plugs. (earning the name stealerships, well earned? huh?)
What do you thing $25 new spark wires cost there, 400% more. 800% < ask them and cry.
The EFI will not function correctly with a bad engine (dead cylinder(s)?) dead spark or bad sensors or actuators. ( or bad gas).
The ECU will try hard , very very hard to run a bad engine, (low compression?, Air leaks? etc) but will not do so on a dead engine or one with dead cylinders.
I call these LIES, if anything lies to the ECU, it will malfunction. Bad sensors, or leaking or clogged injectors will result in bad fuel control.
(However the ECU/PCM can adjust to normal wear and compression losses over time and altitude like no CARB ,ever could by itself. Heck we had to retune the carbs for Denver, Co.)
Lies to ECU or any computer, are called GIGO, garbage in , garbage out. ( If sensors lie to it , it will send out (inject) results, based on those lies)
Bad fuel pressure, is one form of a vary BIG lie. (bad means out of spec, (short for factory specifications) 30 PSI is minimum ,but if the FPR fails and pressure is 55psi , all hope is lost !!!
The ECU (EFI) brain, is not Deity like or Omnipotant it is really, brick stupid, and has no inputs to true reality, therefor, it can never make a comparison to truth.
The CHECK engine LAMP; or CEL:
The false illusion that my engine is ok, if the CEL lamp don't glow running , IS NOT TRUE at all. (The ECU will report SMOG is bad, or gross sensor failures, and no newer cars lots more , but on old cars it will never reliably report a bad running)
The ECU will not report low engine compression, in 1996+ they do report MISFIRE for the first time ever.
However, the ECU can detect sensors lines that short or just the wire fell off of it. "opens and shorts, are reported, for some, but not all sensors/actuators.
On topic reading links are here:
You might get help here.
Even better, is Wiki
If you don't have a scan tool, you must learn to test your sensors and learn to convert the readings to human terms. .
Take one example, the ECT, the hot engine with ECT unplugged will read about 250 ohms. 250 ohms is 180 degrees F. (revised 2015 with Excel plots )
Here are my sensors test page.
Consider the below block diagram for EFI. (I made it up as a universal system for TBI and MPI and the adding of spark in 1991, SEE BLACK "X" for that addition)
My drawing is crude , I'm no artist or writer , only a retired mechanic. (I did only electronic controls, last 10 years and PLC's, and computers and chip testing for over 50years.)
The system is simple , if you just look at the whole system engine with EFI.
Suzuki ECU History: (USA evolution only)
The below shows a basic fuel system, (The 89/90 year, there is only 1 injector and the ECU don't create or control spark, but it DOES monitor spark and cut fuel if spark goes bye-bye)
1989-90' EFI is a fuel only system.!
The 89/90 has a stand alone Distributor (old school, mech. vacuum and advancement weights) , and a coil, the ECU does not create or regulate spark, in these 2 early years.
In 1991 the TBI 8v ECU, now creates and controls all spark and advancement of same.
For EFI skeptics , if you drove 2 cars for 20 years both 1.6L the gas savings (10,000 miles per year) 1990 to present would be a fuel savings of $5000.00 (some of the V8s SBC/ LBC Chevy's report gains over 20% ! (quadrajet sickness)
Digging in to EFI: ( ECU is Engine Control Unit)
The ECU is a processor and as such has inputs , outputs and if the inputs lie , the outputs lie.
If any input goes bad (detected it) the ECU will attempt (very poorly) to mimic that bad sensor ( simulate is the correct word and works better starting in 1996+, that is, less crude)
If the ECU knows what is wrong it will throw DTC errors and glow the CEL lamp.
The ECU can do 4 things, work perfect, run in Failsafe, run in Backup mode, and be LOST.
See Backup and Failsafe here, this will kill economy and power and RPM limits. (spark retraded, and 15MPG horrid fuel economy
What does lost mean?, it means that something horrid is bad, but the ECU does not know what it is, (like fuel pressure at 60PSI) and the ECU can not control fueling at all, it just runs rich. (do to lack of sensor command Authority)
The ECU is NOT all powerful and knowing , it is not Artificial Intelligence as some think.
It can't be , "because it has little to no redundancy in the sensors., and lacks necessary quantity of sensors to do that., for example, it has no wide band oxygen sensor"
I like to think of the below drawing as a FLAT carburettor or distributed..,, with the parts all laid out and easy to test and replace. because it IS.
The 89/90' just controls fuel see that "X:" the X path was added in 1991 to NOW.
So as you can see , only the 7 inputs below control injections.
If the 7 inputs(counting CMP (CAS) are good, then the output (injections) will be good. The 7th input is fuel pressure , it must be in the specified range.
The word CAS below is for either or both the CMP or CKP sensors (cam and crank) that I show as ONE sensor. CAS. (crank/cam angle sensors)
CKP started in 1996 for SMOG and misfire detection, the engine runs with the CKP unplugged 1996-98. (not tried later)
The ECU brain, will mimic all detected dead sensors.
(but never can it mimic a dead CMP (cas) CAS means cam angle sensor here.
if the CMP dies , RPM is 0 and there can be no spark or injection timing ever with a dead CMP)
The ECU can get lost if any sensors are wrong (weak) or fuel pressure wrong. or VUCUUM bouncing like a mexican jumping bean.(or a 10 year old kid on a Pogo stick)
If the spark is bad, the engine can not burn fuel correctly and NO EFI system can cure that.(not yet)
The injectors must not leak or be clogged.
IF the exhuast leaks (cracks?) near the 02 , the 02 lies, and the ECU goes , NUTS.
IF the air meters (MAF/MAP ) are not dead but lie? AFR will suffer. (but will run in most cases) (on a carb car, if the Carb can't feel (if you will) air flow?, the engine dies) (AFR means the Air/ Fuel flow ratios.)
Case in point, unplug the MAF/MAP engine runs but real rich. Try to run engine with each sensor unplugged and learn what happens?
The below, is the 8 valve TBI system total; ( the 89/90 Kick, only does injection , never does it do, spark, but does cut fuel of the tacho wire A1 goes dead.)
All Suzuki ECU's kill injection if spark is lost. No exceptions. (same with CMP, and a dead Tachmeter signal pin A1 (oddly missing on Suzuki drawing below) but is here.
Starting in 1991 the ECU took over FULL spark generation duties. see that below. (91-95 USA)
This system will run your engine , even if the motor is old and tired.
It will not run your engine correctly, if the engine has dead cylinders , or you have bad sensors, actuators or bad fuel pressure. Nor clogged injectors or leaking ones.
A bad engine is discovered by poor compression, weak or bouncing vacuum at idle.
The ECU can NOT adjust for dead cylinders, nor gross cam timing issues or gross Ignition timing errors.
Here is the 16v 1992-95 (N.American) ECU. with my markup's It has 3 more injectors and the MAP is replaced with a MAF.Here are my sensors test page.
end basics, G16 EFI.
The Jargon is not made up , it is SAE/ASE standard terms. (Society of Automotive Engineers)
I made a very short list of 40 of the 4000 terms or Jargon used by SAE.
We use Jargon, because nobody wants to read, or type, Engine Coolant Temperature sensors 1000 times. over and over.... it's ECT (every technology has its Jargon , or worse latin, ask your Doctor that.... omg)
Source : Fixkick.com
rev 4 1-5-11
This engine runs by means of a system, called the E.F.I. for Electronic Fuel Injection. (includes spark in 1991) (1989 to present)
Almost all cars 1988 and newer, have this system. ( due to the USA EPA/ California laws) effective mandates, on SMOG laws.
Why we have EFI and no more CARB'S in USA? , here is a 1980 Carb setup that passes smog, no words need define the word SUCK here. Just look. "aka, Vacuum H3LL"
I like to think of EFI as Distributed, Carburetor. (really if you think about that hard, IT IS !) And some things (all good) were added to make this New EFI carb better (like temperature and altitude corrections)
Fuel pump runs higher pressure, up to 10x more. 6 is now 60, worst case. (30-40s range normal)
All they really did is spread the parts out, making them easy to test, and easy to replace and costs way less, like a new ECT is $25, (ever price a new carb? or try to find parts for one?)
ANALOGY:
- The Carb fuel nozzels are now Injector(s).
- The Carb jets are now (equations in a computer) making them adjustable for the first time (that is, never seen an SU carb ? with variable jets? as most folks never have. (60s British cars?)
- The Carb emulsion jets are now equations (see above)
- The Carbs T.V. is STILL THERE (throttle valve) (no, not television, sorry)
- The Carbs Choke is gone, replaced by (equations). (I spent way too many
years fixing this junk , the crappy sticking chokes and endless stories
here.... all bad.)
- The Equations are fed by "SENSORS". (MAP/MAF, ECT, TPS , IAT and 02 and RPM)
- The carbs Power valve is gone, and is also equations. (stored in fixed memory ) and varies by air flow (sensors).
- The carbs float and float valve are now gone and now a FPR regulator.
- The carb could never talk to you, but now the EFI can ! hey buddy the TPS is stuck at 5v. fix that please. (all you need to do is SCAN IT)
If a carb part breaks?, the car stalls (floods or goes lean and stalls), if the EFI sees a bad sensor it goes to Failsafe (limphome) and engine runs crappy but runs, and beasts the hell out of walking.
The EFI system. is way simpler than any Carb. with all its fussy , complex needles , jets, power valves, sticking chokes, or air bleeds and the like !
End carbs. , carbs are Dead technology today. (I have 1 cars that has a carb still and a motorcycle) My car is 1968. (runs like new too)
EFI:?
If EFI don't ring a bell ?, please check out my page below:
The presumptions are, you have engine and drive line mechanical/electrical(electronic) maintenance, skills. (can do compression tests. vacuum tests, and fuel pressure tests and a full tuneup, all are basics.)
A full set of tools and or the desire to buy more.
You can NOT fix a car, with out tools and Tools are free, that is, all tools net DIVIDENDS , to the point of payback!The desire to dig in and get to the problem, will overcome any hesitations (yes a pun).
If you want magic or expect to fix a car with no tools or money, then you need a reality check.(I'm sorry all machines break and need humans to keep them running, and not one machine on earth has "zero costs of ownership")
I refuse to guess. (as do all ASE mechanics) See this master say that clearly, to the students, DO NOT ask me to GUESS!
If you want to throw parts and guess, then do so, it is your nickel , and wasted time, I can not help you guess. In the end, it is your car and your cash.
There is but one Silver bullet . (but yes, do tune up the engine) (The Lone Ranger, magic silver bullet, refr) (spark parts and filters do not last over 60,000 miles, )
Imagine paying a mech to fix your car at $100 and hour + 2x price on parts ,and all that was wrong ?,were bad spark plugs or a clogged fuel filter, (you can do that service (just those 5 parts) for $25 at home)
Not only that, the dealers charges $15+ for $2.50 spark plugs. (earning the name stealerships, well earned? huh?)
What do you thing $25 new spark wires cost there, 400% more. 800% < ask them and cry.
The EFI will not function correctly with a bad engine (dead cylinder(s)?) dead spark or bad sensors or actuators. ( or bad gas).
The ECU will try hard , very very hard to run a bad engine, (low compression?, Air leaks? etc) but will not do so on a dead engine or one with dead cylinders.
I call these LIES, if anything lies to the ECU, it will malfunction. Bad sensors, or leaking or clogged injectors will result in bad fuel control.
(However the ECU/PCM can adjust to normal wear and compression losses over time and altitude like no CARB ,ever could by itself. Heck we had to retune the carbs for Denver, Co.)
Lies to ECU or any computer, are called GIGO, garbage in , garbage out. ( If sensors lie to it , it will send out (inject) results, based on those lies)
Bad fuel pressure, is one form of a vary BIG lie. (bad means out of spec, (short for factory specifications) 30 PSI is minimum ,but if the FPR fails and pressure is 55psi , all hope is lost !!!
The ECU (EFI) brain, is not Deity like or Omnipotant it is really, brick stupid, and has no inputs to true reality, therefor, it can never make a comparison to truth.
The CHECK engine LAMP; or CEL:
The false illusion that my engine is ok, if the CEL lamp don't glow running , IS NOT TRUE at all. (The ECU will report SMOG is bad, or gross sensor failures, and no newer cars lots more , but on old cars it will never reliably report a bad running)
The ECU will not report low engine compression, in 1996+ they do report MISFIRE for the first time ever.
However, the ECU can detect sensors lines that short or just the wire fell off of it. "opens and shorts, are reported, for some, but not all sensors/actuators.
On topic reading links are here:
You might get help here.
Even better, is Wiki
If you don't have a scan tool, you must learn to test your sensors and learn to convert the readings to human terms. .
Take one example, the ECT, the hot engine with ECT unplugged will read about 250 ohms. 250 ohms is 180 degrees F. (revised 2015 with Excel plots )
Here are my sensors test page.
Consider the below block diagram for EFI. (I made it up as a universal system for TBI and MPI and the adding of spark in 1991, SEE BLACK "X" for that addition)
My drawing is crude , I'm no artist or writer , only a retired mechanic. (I did only electronic controls, last 10 years and PLC's, and computers and chip testing for over 50years.)
The system is simple , if you just look at the whole system engine with EFI.
Suzuki ECU History: (USA evolution only)
The below shows a basic fuel system, (The 89/90 year, there is only 1 injector and the ECU don't create or control spark, but it DOES monitor spark and cut fuel if spark goes bye-bye)
1989-90' EFI is a fuel only system.!
The 89/90 has a stand alone Distributor (old school, mech. vacuum and advancement weights) , and a coil, the ECU does not create or regulate spark, in these 2 early years.
In 1991 the TBI 8v ECU, now creates and controls all spark and advancement of same.
For EFI skeptics , if you drove 2 cars for 20 years both 1.6L the gas savings (10,000 miles per year) 1990 to present would be a fuel savings of $5000.00 (some of the V8s SBC/ LBC Chevy's report gains over 20% ! (quadrajet sickness)
Digging in to EFI: ( ECU is Engine Control Unit)
The ECU is a processor and as such has inputs , outputs and if the inputs lie , the outputs lie.
If any input goes bad (detected it) the ECU will attempt (very poorly) to mimic that bad sensor ( simulate is the correct word and works better starting in 1996+, that is, less crude)
If the ECU knows what is wrong it will throw DTC errors and glow the CEL lamp.
The ECU can do 4 things, work perfect, run in Failsafe, run in Backup mode, and be LOST.
See Backup and Failsafe here, this will kill economy and power and RPM limits. (spark retraded, and 15MPG horrid fuel economy
What does lost mean?, it means that something horrid is bad, but the ECU does not know what it is, (like fuel pressure at 60PSI) and the ECU can not control fueling at all, it just runs rich. (do to lack of sensor command Authority)
The ECU is NOT all powerful and knowing , it is not Artificial Intelligence as some think.
It can't be , "because it has little to no redundancy in the sensors., and lacks necessary quantity of sensors to do that., for example, it has no wide band oxygen sensor"
I like to think of the below drawing as a FLAT carburettor or distributed..,, with the parts all laid out and easy to test and replace. because it IS.
The 89/90' just controls fuel see that "X:" the X path was added in 1991 to NOW.
So as you can see , only the 7 inputs below control injections.
If the 7 inputs(counting CMP (CAS) are good, then the output (injections) will be good. The 7th input is fuel pressure , it must be in the specified range.
The word CAS below is for either or both the CMP or CKP sensors (cam and crank) that I show as ONE sensor. CAS. (crank/cam angle sensors)
CKP started in 1996 for SMOG and misfire detection, the engine runs with the CKP unplugged 1996-98. (not tried later)
The ECU brain, will mimic all detected dead sensors.
(but never can it mimic a dead CMP (cas) CAS means cam angle sensor here.
if the CMP dies , RPM is 0 and there can be no spark or injection timing ever with a dead CMP)
The ECU can get lost if any sensors are wrong (weak) or fuel pressure wrong. or VUCUUM bouncing like a mexican jumping bean.(or a 10 year old kid on a Pogo stick)
If the spark is bad, the engine can not burn fuel correctly and NO EFI system can cure that.(not yet)
The injectors must not leak or be clogged.
IF the exhuast leaks (cracks?) near the 02 , the 02 lies, and the ECU goes , NUTS.
IF the air meters (MAF/MAP ) are not dead but lie? AFR will suffer. (but will run in most cases) (on a carb car, if the Carb can't feel (if you will) air flow?, the engine dies) (AFR means the Air/ Fuel flow ratios.)
Case in point, unplug the MAF/MAP engine runs but real rich. Try to run engine with each sensor unplugged and learn what happens?
The below, is the 8 valve TBI system total; ( the 89/90 Kick, only does injection , never does it do, spark, but does cut fuel of the tacho wire A1 goes dead.)
All Suzuki ECU's kill injection if spark is lost. No exceptions. (same with CMP, and a dead Tachmeter signal pin A1 (oddly missing on Suzuki drawing below) but is here.
Starting in 1991 the ECU took over FULL spark generation duties. see that below. (91-95 USA)
This system will run your engine , even if the motor is old and tired.
It will not run your engine correctly, if the engine has dead cylinders , or you have bad sensors, actuators or bad fuel pressure. Nor clogged injectors or leaking ones.
A bad engine is discovered by poor compression, weak or bouncing vacuum at idle.
The ECU can NOT adjust for dead cylinders, nor gross cam timing issues or gross Ignition timing errors.
Here is the 16v 1992-95 (N.American) ECU. with my markup's It has 3 more injectors and the MAP is replaced with a MAF.Here are my sensors test page.
end basics, G16 EFI.
The Jargon is not made up , it is SAE/ASE standard terms. (Society of Automotive Engineers)
I made a very short list of 40 of the 4000 terms or Jargon used by SAE.
We use Jargon, because nobody wants to read, or type, Engine Coolant Temperature sensors 1000 times. over and over.... it's ECT (every technology has its Jargon , or worse latin, ask your Doctor that.... omg)
Source : Fixkick.com
rev 4 1-5-11
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